Ricin is one of the most poisonous
substances on Earth, it's scarily easy to make, and somebody is mailing it to
the President and at least one U.S. senator. What it is, how it works?
How
poisonous is it?
Oh, man. Very. It's dangerous in just about
any way it gets into your system, though ingesting (eating) it is about the
least dangerous way. Injecting or inhaling requires about a thousand times less
ricin to kill a human than ingesting, and that's a very small amount indeed. An
average adult needs only 1.78mg of ricin injected or inhaled to die; that's
about the size of a few grains of table salt--which ricin resembles visually.
How
does it work?
Ricin, a toxic protein, infects cells,
blocking their ability to synthesize their own protein. Without cells making
protein, key functions in the body shut down; even in survivors, permanent
organ damage is often the result of ricin poisoning. It's a highly unpleasant
way to be poisoned: within six hours, according to the Center for Disease
Control, victims who have ingested ricin will feel gastrointestinal effects
like severe vomiting and diarrhea, which can lead to serious dehydration. Then
the ricin infects the cells of the vital gastrointestinal organs as they pass
through the body, leading to the failure of the kidneys, liver, and pancreas.
Inhalation of ricin has a different effect,
since the ricin proteins aren't interacting with the same parts of the body.
Instead of gastrointestinal problems, you'll develop a vicious, bloody cough,
your lungs will fill with fluid, and eventually you'll lose your ability to
breathe, causing death. Injection, too, is different, depending on where you've
been injected, but will generally result in vomiting and flu-like symptoms,
swelling around the place of injection, and eventually organ failure as your
circulatory system passes the protein around the body. Death from inhalation or
injection usually occurs about three to five miserable, agonizing days after
contact.
Interestingly, there aren't any immediate
symptoms, and indeed there can be a significant delay before symptoms show
themselves, up to a day or two.
Exposure on the skin is generally not
fatal, though it may cause a reaction that can range from irritation to
blistering.
How
does it stack up against other poisons?
Well, that depends on what your aim is.
Ricin is much easier to produce than other popular biological weapons like
botulinum, sarin, and anthrax, but it is not as potent as any of those, which
limits its effectiveness as a weapon. It also is not very long-lived; the
protein can age and become inactive fairly quickly compared to, say, anthrax,
which can remain dangerous for decades. There were experiments back around
World War I attempting to make wide-scale ricin weapons, packaging it into
bombs and coating bullets in it, but these proved not particularly effective
and also violate the Hague Convention's agreements on war crimes, so the US
discarded ricin.
It's much more effective, weapon-wise, as a
close-contact, small-target weapon--by injecting, as with Georgi Markov, or by
putting small particles into an aerosol spray and blasting a target. It's also
not contagious, which limits its effectiveness as a tool of biological warfare.
But it's considered highly dangerous partly because it's still outrageously
toxic and partly because it takes no great skill to produce.
So
it's not hard to make?
Well...no. Like, not at all. It's made from
the byproduct of the castor oil manufacturing process. You take the
"mash" of the castor oil seeds, which contain around 5-10 percent
ricin, and perform a process called chromatography. Chromatography is a blanket
term for a set of techniques used to separate mixtures, usually by dissolving
in liquid or gas. The US government has done its best to eradicate recipes for
ricin from the internet, sort of; a patent was filed back in 1962 for ricin
extraction, and the Patent Office took it off the publicly available server in 2004
for safety reasons. That said, the recipe is super easy to find; here at the
PopSci offices, I'm blocked from listening to Rdio on my work computer, but I
found a recipe to make an outrageously deadly poison in about a minute.
The techniques involved are
undergraduate-level chemistry, creating a slurry with the castor bean mash and
filtering with water and then a few easily-found substances like hydrochloric
acid.
It
comes from castor beans?
Ricin is a highly toxic protein that's
extracted from the seed of the castor plant, often called a "castor
bean" or "castor oil bean," despite not technically being a
bean. The castor plant is extremely common; it's used as an ornamental plant
throughout the western world, prized for its ability to grow basically anywhere
as well as its pretty, spiky leaves and weird spiny fruits. It's also an
important crop; the seeds are full of oil, and castor oil is used for lots of
legitimate purposes. It's a common laxative, for one thing, and since it's more
resistant to high temperatures than other kinds of vegetable oils, it's a nice
alternative to petroleum oil in engines.
Wait,
but you can eat it? So how is this a poison?
Ah, yes. Castor oil is perfectly safe,
according to the FDA and your grandma, but ricin is not castor oil. Castor
seeds are still poisonous; a study says that a lethal dose of castor seeds for
adults is about four to eight seeds. But the oil itself does not contain ricin;
the ricin protein is left behind in the "castor bean mash" after the
oil is extracted from the seed. Poisoning from eating the seed itself is rare.
Have
there been cases of ricin poisoning in the past?
You mean, beyond the several times it's
been featured as a major plot point in Breaking Bad? Sure! The most famous is
probably the assassination of Georgi Markov in 1978. Markov was a Bulgarian
novelist, playwright, journalist, and dissident, and was murdered by the
Bulgarian secret service, with assistance from the KGB, by ricin injection. He
was crossing a bridge when he was jabbed in the leg with an umbrella, which
delivered a ricin pellet into his bloodstream. He died three days later of
ricin poisoning.
There are plenty of incidents of people
arrested for attempting (or, more often, succeeding) to make ricin; it's a
pretty easy poison to make. In fact, there was even another
ricin-in-the-envelope attempt made back in 2003--a person identifying as
"Fallen Angel" sent letters filled with ricin to the White House,
apparently as a result of some new trucking regulations (seriously). "Fallen
Angel" was never found, but the letters were intercepted and did not cause
any injury.
How
dangerous are these envelopes filled with ricin?
The envelope strategy has more to do with
potential ease of getting the poison close to targets than its strength as a
delivery system. If you're targeting the President of the United States, it's
easier and more anonymous to mail a letter than to try to get close to him with
an umbrella modified for ricin-stabbing. But it's not a great way to poison
someone with ricin. Assuming the letter actually got into the target's hands,
of the three ways ricin can get into a person's system (inhalation, injection,
ingestion), only one--inhalation--is really possible, and it's not that likely.
Inhalation as a weapon is best accomplished
through a mist, ideally delivered through an aerosol. But that's not possible
in a letter full of powder. It's possible that small granules of ricin could be
released into the air and inhaled when handling the letter, but it is not an
effective way to poison someone. And whoever's sending these letters evidently
doesn't know that the government set up an elaborate mail-screening system
after the 2001 Anthrax scare.
(source:popsci)
.jpg)